Material selection · Service environment

Nylon in service: PA6, PA12 and PPA after moisture conditioning

Select exact nylon grades for their service moisture state, with separate unreinforced copolymer, carbon-fiber and PPA evidence; distinguish mass uptake, dimensional change and retained mechanical properties.

3D Printing Info · Published 2026-10-18 · Revised 2026-10-18

Editorial synthesis assisted by AI, based on linked manufacturer documents. No new material or component testing was performed.

Select for the moisture state the part must tolerate

Engineering interpretation. Begin with the clearance, allowed deflection and load that the finished part must retain after its expected exposure. A dry-spool printing procedure and a dry-coupon property do not establish those service limits. Qualify the final grade, print route, annealing and exposure together. Polymaker [details] · ASTM International [details]

The evidence below separates a PA6/66 copolymer with no declared fiber reinforcement, two carbon-fiber nylon grades, and a PPA-CF manufacturer comparison. It shows changes within named formulations and the gaps around PPA. It does not provide a common-condition ranking of PA6, PA12 and PPA families. Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Bambu Lab [details]

Drying the spool and conditioning the part serve different purposes

Polymaker distinguishes moisture control during extrusion from the moisture a completed print later acquires. Its recommended sequence places annealing before moisture conditioning; another heat cycle can change the moisture state again. Record these as separate manufacturing and service steps. Polymaker [details]

Engineering interpretation. The word wet needs a protocol. Humid air, a water soak and a part removed from water are different test states. Report the exposure medium, temperature, humidity where applicable, duration, transfer to the test and measured moisture content. A fixed time alone does not show that an arbitrary component has reached its intended state. Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details]

Read paired results within their preparation group

The first two tables use tensile modulus and supplier tensile strength, whose stress endpoint is unspecified. CoPA uses a different annealing route from the Fiberon grades. The PPA table uses flexure and an incompletely defined wet state; those values cannot be pooled with the tensile results. Undefined ± terms are preserved without a confidence interpretation. Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Bambu Lab [details]

For the Fiberon grades, equal soak temperature and duration produced different reported moisture contents: PA6-CF20 averaged 5.30%, while PA12-CF10 averaged 2.92%. These values describe the immersed specimens; they are not equilibrium values for a room or a forecast of exposure time in service. Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details]

CoPA copolymer: no fiber reinforcement declared

PolyMide CoPA, PA6/66 copolymer. Both groups annealed at 80 °C for 6 h; dry group then dried for 48 h at an unspecified temperature, wet group immersed in 60 °C water for 48 h. ISO 527 / GB/T 1040, parts and revisions unspecified. Each row is a separate specimen group.

Exact grade & process	Orientation & specimen state	Tensile modulus MPa	Supplier tensile strength; endpoint unspecified MPa	Test conditions & source
PolyMide CoPAFFF · Manufacturer test	X-Y (supplier label); the flat-coupon drawing places build Z through thickness. In-plane raster angle is not given.Conditioning: Dry group: dried for 48 h after annealing; drying temperature, residual moisture, storage, and test humidity unreported.Post-processing: Annealed at 80 °C for 6 h before mechanical conditioning.	2703 ± 259 Polymaker [details]	78 ± 0.7 Polymaker [details]	ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions unreported)Test temperature: Not reportedExposure method: 48 h drying after annealing; temperature unreportedDuration: 48 h dryingHumidity: Not reportedMoisture content (%): Not reportedExposure temperature (°C): Not reportedApplied stress: Not reportedSpecimen & processing details
PolyMide CoPAFFF · Manufacturer test	X-Y (supplier label); the flat-coupon drawing places build Z through thickness. In-plane raster angle is not given.Conditioning: After annealing, immersed in 60 °C water for 48 h; average specimen moisture 6.16%. Transfer time and test humidity unreported.Post-processing: Annealed at 80 °C for 6 h before mechanical conditioning.	724 ± 61 Polymaker [details]	34.3 ± 2.5 Polymaker [details]	ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions unreported)Test temperature: Not reportedExposure method: Water immersionDuration: 48 h immersionHumidity: Not reportedMoisture content (%): 6.16Exposure temperature (°C): 60Applied stress: Not reportedSpecimen & processing details

The wet group averaged 6.16% moisture. Dry residual moisture, test temperature, rate, sample count and meaning of ± are unreported. This copolymer is not pure PA6; its preparation also differs from the carbon-fiber grades below. Polymaker [details]

Carbon-fiber nylon pairs: same immersion, different resulting moisture

Fiberon PA6-CF20 and PA12-CF10 XY tensile groups. All annealed at 100 °C for 16 h; wet groups then immersed in 60 °C water for 48 h. ISO 527 / GB/T 1040, parts and revisions unspecified. Dry residual moisture, test temperature, rate, n and meaning of ± unreported.

Exact grade & process	Orientation & specimen state	Tensile modulus MPa	Supplier tensile strength; endpoint unspecified MPa	Test conditions & source
Fiberon PA6-CF20FFF · Manufacturer test	X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.Conditioning: Supplier dry state; residual moisture, drying/storage history and elapsed time before test are not reported.Post-processing: Annealed at 100 °C for 16 h before mechanical testing.	8636.5 ± 211.4 Polymaker [details]	109.3 ± 2.4 Polymaker [details]	ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions not reported)Test temperature: Not reportedMoisture content (%): Not reportedImmersion temperature (°C): Not reportedImmersion duration (h): Not reportedExposure method: Not reportedDuration: Not reportedApplied stress: Not reportedHumidity: Not reportedSpecimen & processing details
Fiberon PA6-CF20FFF · Manufacturer test	X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.Conditioning: After annealing, immersed in 60 °C water for 48 h; reported average moisture content 5.30%. Transfer time, test humidity and test temperature are not reported.Post-processing: Annealed at 100 °C for 16 h before mechanical testing.	2508.1 ± 82.6 Polymaker [details]	54.7 ± 1.1 Polymaker [details]	ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions not reported)Test temperature: Not reportedMoisture content (%): 5.3Immersion temperature (°C): 60Immersion duration (h): 48Exposure method: Water immersionDuration: 48 h immersionApplied stress: Not reportedHumidity: Not reportedSpecimen & processing details
Fiberon PA12-CF10FFF · Manufacturer test	X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.Conditioning: Supplier dry state; residual moisture, drying/storage history and elapsed time before test are not reported.Post-processing: Annealed at 100 °C for 16 h before mechanical testing.	3311.2 ± 134.9 Polymaker [details]	77.4 ± 1.1 Polymaker [details]	ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions not reported)Test temperature: Not reportedMoisture content (%): Not reportedImmersion temperature (°C): Not reportedImmersion duration (h): Not reportedExposure method: Not reportedDuration: Not reportedApplied stress: Not reportedHumidity: Not reportedSpecimen & processing details
Fiberon PA12-CF10FFF · Manufacturer test	X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.Conditioning: After annealing, immersed in 60 °C water for 48 h; reported average moisture content 2.92%. Transfer time, test humidity and test temperature are not reported.Post-processing: Annealed at 100 °C for 16 h before mechanical testing.	3131.7 ± 124.2 Polymaker [details]	71.7 ± 0.7 Polymaker [details]	ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions not reported)Test temperature: Not reportedMoisture content (%): 2.92Immersion temperature (°C): 60Immersion duration (h): 48Exposure method: Water immersionDuration: 48 h immersionApplied stress: Not reportedHumidity: Not reportedSpecimen & processing details

Wet moisture contents differ: 5.30% for PA6-CF20 and 2.92% for PA12-CF10. The two commercial formulations have different reinforcement contents and matrices. These rows do not isolate the effect of carbon fiber or establish room-humidity service values. Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details]

PPA-CF page comparison: wet exposure unreported

Bambu PPA-CF product-page XY flexural comparison. Source labels dry/wet; 80 × 10 × 4 mm bars, concentric full fill. Mechanical method, wet exposure, annealing, test temperature, rate and sample count are not reported for this comparison. It is separate from the tensile tables.

Exact grade & process	Orientation & specimen state	Source flexural modulus MPa	Source flexural strength; criterion unspecified MPa	Test conditions & source
Bambu PPA-CFFFF · Manufacturer test	XY (supplier label); build preparation and in-plane path-to-load relation not fully specified in this comparison.Conditioning: Supplier dry label; initial drying, residual moisture and storage unreported.Post-processing: Not reported	9860 Bambu Lab [details]	208 Bambu Lab [details]	Product-page comparison does not identify a mechanical test standard.Test temperature: Not reportedExposure method: Not reportedDuration: Not reportedHumidity: Not reportedApplied stress: Not reportedSpecimen & processing details
Bambu PPA-CFFFF · Manufacturer test	XY (supplier label); build preparation and in-plane path-to-load relation not fully specified in this comparison.Conditioning: Supplier wet label; exposure medium, temperature, duration, humidity and measured specimen moisture unreported.Post-processing: Not reported	9620 Bambu Lab [details]	202 Bambu Lab [details]	Product-page comparison does not identify a mechanical test standard.Test temperature: Not reportedExposure method: Not reportedDuration: Not reportedHumidity: Not reportedApplied stress: Not reportedSpecimen & processing details

The nearby absorption row is measured at 25 °C and 55% RH; the page does not explicitly assign it to these wet mechanical specimens. No uncertainty is supplied. Obtain the wet protocol before comparing retention against another exposure. Bambu Lab [details] · Bambu Lab [details]

Mass uptake, dimensional change and stiffness are separate measurements

CoPA illustrates why the exposure must stay attached to the number. Its humid-air curve reports 2.82% equilibrium uptake at 23 °C and 70% RH, whereas the immersed mechanical group averaged 6.16%. The curve does not identify specimen preparation or an equilibrium criterion. Neither percentage specifies a linear dimensional change. Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details]

Polymaker also shows before/after axis observations for annealed, fully filled 40 mm cubes. The tables report maxima, and omit the moisture exposure and replication protocol. They illustrate the need to measure each critical dimension, but cannot supply a scale factor for a bearing fit, hole or larger assembly. Polymaker [details]

Engineering interpretation. For a locating fixture, set acceptable hole spacing, bore size and displacement under load, then check them after the intended service exposure. A mass-uptake result can help document the state; it cannot replace either the dimensional or loaded-stiffness check. Polymaker [details] · ASTM International [details]

Engineering interpretation. The unfilled comparison here is a PA6/66 copolymer. Matched service-conditioned tests for exact unfilled PA6 and PA12 grades are not established by these sources; obtain those tests before substituting either for the copolymer or carbon-fiber grades.

PPA needs an exact grade and a defined wet protocol

Bambu identifies its PPA-CF matrix as semi-aromatic nylon. Its separate absorption result is 1.30% at 25 °C and 55% RH. The product page gives paired dry/wet XY flexural values, but does not explicitly connect that environment to the wet mechanical tests. Its relatively close page values are a reason to request the missing protocol, rather than evidence of retention after the Fiberon hot-water treatment. Bambu Lab [details] · Bambu Lab [details]

Unfilled PPA is a separate candidate: Siraya explicitly markets Fibreheart PPA as pure polyphthalamide. Its product page lists dry/saturated properties, while the HTML TDS defines a tensile stress at break under ASTM D638. The documents omit a shared conditioning route and disagree on some values. They cannot establish a matched unfilled-versus-filled PPA comparison here. Siraya Tech [details] · Siraya Tech [details]

Engineering interpretation. For a PPA substitution, obtain the exact matrix and reinforcement declaration, the wet exposure and annealing history, and the mechanical result in the load direction that matters. A supplier name containing PAHT does not establish that the matrix is PPA. Bambu Lab [details] · Siraya Tech [details] · Stratasys [details]

Let the service requirement decide the next test

Use the reported changes to choose what to verify. The CoPA and PA6-CF20 XY pairs lose tensile modulus under their respective water-conditioning routes; PA12-CF10 changes less in its reported pair. Different matrices, fiber fractions and annealing prevent attributing that difference to one feature or extending it to every nylon. Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details]

Engineering interpretation. For a fit or positioning fixture, qualify the critical dimensions and loaded displacement in the expected humidity range. Include any assembly constraint rather than applying a free-cube growth factor. Polymaker [details]
Engineering interpretation. For a continuously loaded bracket or bolted joint, measure creep, permanent set or clamp-force retention after conditioning at the service temperature. Short tensile or flexural results do not establish that duration-dependent behavior. Fischbach and Weinberg [details] · ASTM International [details]
Engineering interpretation. For a water-exposed component, reproduce the relevant immersion or wet/dry cycle. Do not convert the published hot-water soak into a time-equivalent ambient-humidity exposure. Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details]

What the tables leave unresolved

The tensile sources omit test temperature, loading rate, specimen count and the statistical definition of ±. Their XY labels do not report raster angle. The Bambu page omits a mechanical method and wet exposure. No table establishes final-part dimensional tolerance, joint preload retention or lifetime. Expand each record for the reported process and the explicit gaps. Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details] · Bambu Lab [details]

Fiberon PA6-CF20 · X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.

Material identity: Polymaker · PA6 · filler: Carbon fiber; manufacturer markets 20% content; fraction basis and fiber dimensions not stated in inspected TDS.
Process: FFF
Source orientation: X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.
Specimen geometry: Dog-bone drawing: 150 mm length, 20 mm end width, 10 mm narrow width, 4 mm thickness; other dimensions shown. Standard subtype and Z preparation not identified.
Test method: ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions not reported)
Test rate: Not reported
Test temperature: Not reported
Specimen conditioning: Supplier dry state; residual moisture, drying/storage history and elapsed time before test are not reported.
Printer: Not reported
Post-processing: Annealed at 100 °C for 16 h before mechanical testing.
Sample count: Not reported
Meaning of ±: Not reported
Source locator: PDF p. 1, dry mechanical block and footnote; specimen settings and drawings near bottom.
Layer height: Not reported
Infill: 100%; raster pattern not reported
Perimeters: 2
Nozzle temperature: 300 °C for specimen printing
Bed temperature: 50 °C for specimen printing
Chamber temperature: Not reported
Slicer: Not reported
Infill print speed: Not reported
Top bottom solid layers: 3; source does not further split top/bottom
Specimen cooling: Off
Extrusion multiplier: Not reported
Moisture content (%): Not reported
Annealing temperature (°C): 100
Annealing duration (h): 16
Immersion temperature (°C): Not reported
Immersion duration (h): Not reported
Dry status definition: Supplier label; residual water content and final conditioning procedure not reported.
Recommended filament drying: 100 °C for 10 h; recommendation, not an explicit report of specimen filament preparation.
Recommended chamber: Ambient temperature; actual specimen chamber condition not reported.
Orientation support: https://shop.polymaker.com/products/fiberon-pa6-cf20: note immediately below property table; TDS p. 1, specimen drawing. No Z machining or die-cut route is specified for this grade.
Exposure method: Not reported
Duration: Not reported
Applied stress: Not reported
Humidity: Not reported

Fiberon PA6-CF20 · X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.

Material identity: Polymaker · PA6 · filler: Carbon fiber; manufacturer markets 20% content; fraction basis and fiber dimensions not stated in inspected TDS.
Process: FFF
Source orientation: X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.
Specimen geometry: Dog-bone drawing: 150 mm length, 20 mm end width, 10 mm narrow width, 4 mm thickness; other dimensions shown. Standard subtype and Z preparation not identified.
Test method: ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions not reported)
Test rate: Not reported
Test temperature: Not reported
Specimen conditioning: After annealing, immersed in 60 °C water for 48 h; reported average moisture content 5.30%. Transfer time, test humidity and test temperature are not reported.
Printer: Not reported
Post-processing: Annealed at 100 °C for 16 h before mechanical testing.
Sample count: Not reported
Meaning of ±: Not reported
Source locator: PDF p. 1, wet mechanical block and footnote; specimen settings and drawings near bottom.
Layer height: Not reported
Infill: 100%; raster pattern not reported
Perimeters: 2
Nozzle temperature: 300 °C for specimen printing
Bed temperature: 50 °C for specimen printing
Chamber temperature: Not reported
Slicer: Not reported
Infill print speed: Not reported
Top bottom solid layers: 3; source does not further split top/bottom
Specimen cooling: Off
Extrusion multiplier: Not reported
Moisture content (%): 5.3
Annealing temperature (°C): 100
Annealing duration (h): 16
Immersion temperature (°C): 60
Immersion duration (h): 48
Dry status definition: Not reported
Recommended filament drying: 100 °C for 10 h; recommendation, not an explicit report of specimen filament preparation.
Recommended chamber: Ambient temperature; actual specimen chamber condition not reported.
Orientation support: https://shop.polymaker.com/products/fiberon-pa6-cf20: note immediately below property table; TDS p. 1, specimen drawing. No Z machining or die-cut route is specified for this grade.
Exposure method: Water immersion
Duration: 48 h immersion
Applied stress: Not reported
Humidity: Not reported

Fiberon PA12-CF10 · X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.

Material identity: Polymaker · Marketed as PA12-based long-chain copolyamide; TDS formulation wording is inconsistent. · filler: Carbon fiber; manufacturer markets 10% content; fraction basis and fiber dimensions not stated in inspected TDS.
Process: FFF
Source orientation: X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.
Specimen geometry: Dog-bone drawing: 150 mm length, 20 mm end width, 10 mm narrow width, 4 mm thickness; other dimensions shown. Standard subtype and Z preparation not identified.
Test method: ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions not reported)
Test rate: Not reported
Test temperature: Not reported
Specimen conditioning: Supplier dry state; residual moisture, drying/storage history and elapsed time before test are not reported.
Printer: Not reported
Post-processing: Annealed at 100 °C for 16 h before mechanical testing.
Sample count: Not reported
Meaning of ±: Not reported
Source locator: PDF p. 1, dry mechanical block and footnote; specimen settings and drawings near bottom.
Layer height: Not reported
Infill: 100%; raster pattern not reported
Perimeters: 2
Nozzle temperature: 300 °C for specimen printing
Bed temperature: 50 °C for specimen printing
Chamber temperature: Not reported
Slicer: Not reported
Infill print speed: Not reported
Top bottom solid layers: 3; source does not further split top/bottom
Specimen cooling: Off
Extrusion multiplier: Not reported
Moisture content (%): Not reported
Annealing temperature (°C): 100
Annealing duration (h): 16
Immersion temperature (°C): Not reported
Immersion duration (h): Not reported
Dry status definition: Supplier label; residual water content and final conditioning procedure not reported.
Recommended filament drying: 100 °C for 10 h; recommendation, not an explicit report of specimen filament preparation.
Recommended chamber: Ambient temperature; actual specimen chamber condition not reported.
Orientation support: https://shop.polymaker.com/products/fiberon-pa12-cf10: note immediately below property table; TDS p. 1, specimen drawing. No Z machining or die-cut route is specified for this grade.
Exposure method: Not reported
Duration: Not reported
Applied stress: Not reported
Humidity: Not reported

Fiberon PA12-CF10 · X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.

Material identity: Polymaker · Marketed as PA12-based long-chain copolyamide; TDS formulation wording is inconsistent. · filler: Carbon fiber; manufacturer markets 10% content; fraction basis and fiber dimensions not stated in inspected TDS.
Process: FFF
Source orientation: X-Y (supplier label); flat-coupon schematic places Z through its thickness; in-plane raster angle is not supplied.
Specimen geometry: Dog-bone drawing: 150 mm length, 20 mm end width, 10 mm narrow width, 4 mm thickness; other dimensions shown. Standard subtype and Z preparation not identified.
Test method: ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions not reported)
Test rate: Not reported
Test temperature: Not reported
Specimen conditioning: After annealing, immersed in 60 °C water for 48 h; reported average moisture content 2.92%. Transfer time, test humidity and test temperature are not reported.
Printer: Not reported
Post-processing: Annealed at 100 °C for 16 h before mechanical testing.
Sample count: Not reported
Meaning of ±: Not reported
Source locator: PDF p. 1, wet mechanical block and footnote; specimen settings and drawings near bottom.
Layer height: Not reported
Infill: 100%; raster pattern not reported
Perimeters: 2
Nozzle temperature: 300 °C for specimen printing
Bed temperature: 50 °C for specimen printing
Chamber temperature: Not reported
Slicer: Not reported
Infill print speed: Not reported
Top bottom solid layers: 3; source does not further split top/bottom
Specimen cooling: Off
Extrusion multiplier: Not reported
Moisture content (%): 2.92
Annealing temperature (°C): 100
Annealing duration (h): 16
Immersion temperature (°C): 60
Immersion duration (h): 48
Dry status definition: Not reported
Recommended filament drying: 100 °C for 10 h; recommendation, not an explicit report of specimen filament preparation.
Recommended chamber: Ambient temperature; actual specimen chamber condition not reported.
Orientation support: https://shop.polymaker.com/products/fiberon-pa12-cf10: note immediately below property table; TDS p. 1, specimen drawing. No Z machining or die-cut route is specified for this grade.
Exposure method: Water immersion
Duration: 48 h immersion
Applied stress: Not reported
Humidity: Not reported

PolyMide CoPA · X-Y (supplier label); the flat-coupon drawing places build Z through thickness. In-plane raster angle is not given.

Material identity: Polymaker · PA6/66 copolymer · filler: Not reported
Process: FFF
Source orientation: X-Y (supplier label); the flat-coupon drawing places build Z through thickness. In-plane raster angle is not given.
Specimen geometry: Dog-bone: 150 mm long, 20 mm end width, 10 mm narrow width, 4 mm thick; standard subtype not named.
Test method: ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions unreported)
Test rate: Not reported
Test temperature: Not reported
Specimen conditioning: Dry group: dried for 48 h after annealing; drying temperature, residual moisture, storage, and test humidity unreported.
Printer: Not reported
Post-processing: Annealed at 80 °C for 6 h before mechanical conditioning.
Sample count: Not reported
Meaning of ±: Not reported
Source locator: PDF p. 4, dry mechanical table and footnote; p. 6, tensile specimen and printing settings.
Layer height: Not reported
Infill: 100%; raster pattern unreported
Perimeters: 2
Nozzle temperature: 260 °C
Bed temperature: 50 °C
Chamber temperature: Ambient temperature; actual value unreported
Slicer: Not reported
Infill print speed: Not reported
Top bottom solid layers: 3; top/bottom split not clarified
Specimen cooling: Off
Extrusion multiplier: Not reported
Filler status: No fiber reinforcement is declared in this grade description; complete additive composition not disclosed.
Annealing temperature (°C): 80
Annealing duration (h): 6
Exposure method: 48 h drying after annealing; temperature unreported
Duration: 48 h drying
Humidity: Not reported
Moisture content (%): Not reported
Exposure temperature (°C): Not reported
Dry status definition: Residual moisture unreported
Recommended filament drying: 100 °C for 8 h is a recommendation on p. 5, not the reported 48 h dry-specimen procedure.
Applied stress: Not reported

PolyMide CoPA · X-Y (supplier label); the flat-coupon drawing places build Z through thickness. In-plane raster angle is not given.

Material identity: Polymaker · PA6/66 copolymer · filler: Not reported
Process: FFF
Source orientation: X-Y (supplier label); the flat-coupon drawing places build Z through thickness. In-plane raster angle is not given.
Specimen geometry: Dog-bone: 150 mm long, 20 mm end width, 10 mm narrow width, 4 mm thick; standard subtype not named.
Test method: ISO 527 / GB/T 1040 (parts and revisions unreported)
Test rate: Not reported
Test temperature: Not reported
Specimen conditioning: After annealing, immersed in 60 °C water for 48 h; average specimen moisture 6.16%. Transfer time and test humidity unreported.
Printer: Not reported
Post-processing: Annealed at 80 °C for 6 h before mechanical conditioning.
Sample count: Not reported
Meaning of ±: Not reported
Source locator: PDF p. 4, wet mechanical table and footnote; p. 6, tensile specimen and printing settings.
Layer height: Not reported
Infill: 100%; raster pattern unreported
Perimeters: 2
Nozzle temperature: 260 °C
Bed temperature: 50 °C
Chamber temperature: Ambient temperature; actual value unreported
Slicer: Not reported
Infill print speed: Not reported
Top bottom solid layers: 3; top/bottom split not clarified
Specimen cooling: Off
Extrusion multiplier: Not reported
Filler status: No fiber reinforcement is declared in this grade description; complete additive composition not disclosed.
Annealing temperature (°C): 80
Annealing duration (h): 6
Exposure method: Water immersion
Duration: 48 h immersion
Humidity: Not reported
Moisture content (%): 6.16
Exposure temperature (°C): 60
Dry status definition: Not reported
Recommended filament drying: 100 °C for 8 h is a recommendation on p. 5, not the reported 48 h dry-specimen procedure.
Applied stress: Not reported

Bambu PPA-CF · XY (supplier label); build preparation and in-plane path-to-load relation not fully specified in this comparison.

Material identity: Bambu Lab · PPA; linked manufacturer TDS identifies semi-aromatic nylon · filler: Carbon fiber; fraction and dimensions unreported in inspected sources.
Process: FFF
Source orientation: XY (supplier label); build preparation and in-plane path-to-load relation not fully specified in this comparison.
Specimen geometry: 80 × 10 × 4 mm bar, as stated for dry and wet comparison samples.
Test method: Product-page comparison does not identify a mechanical test standard.
Test rate: Not reported
Test temperature: Not reported
Specimen conditioning: Supplier dry label; initial drying, residual moisture and storage unreported.
Printer: Not reported
Post-processing: Not reported
Sample count: Not reported
Meaning of ±: Not reported
Source locator: Parameters Comparison, PPA-CF column, dry XY bending rows; testing-sample note immediately below.
Layer height: Not reported
Infill: 100%; concentric
Perimeters: Not reported
Nozzle temperature: Not reported
Bed temperature: Not reported
Chamber temperature: Not reported
Slicer: Not reported
Infill print speed: Not reported
Top bottom solid layers: Not reported
Specimen cooling: Not reported
Extrusion multiplier: Not reported
Exposure method: Not reported
Duration: Not reported
Humidity: Not reported
Annealing: Not reported
Specimen settings scope: Only dimensions and concentric full fill are assigned by the product-page comparison. Do not import the TDS preparation settings into an unidentified wet group.
Uptake condition is separate: The 25 °C / 55% RH environment belongs to the absorption row; the mechanical wet group is not explicitly linked to it.
Strength endpoint: Flexural strength; strain limit, maximum-versus-break selection and test method not supplied.
Applied stress: Not reported

Bambu PPA-CF · XY (supplier label); build preparation and in-plane path-to-load relation not fully specified in this comparison.

Material identity: Bambu Lab · PPA; linked manufacturer TDS identifies semi-aromatic nylon · filler: Carbon fiber; fraction and dimensions unreported in inspected sources.
Process: FFF
Source orientation: XY (supplier label); build preparation and in-plane path-to-load relation not fully specified in this comparison.
Specimen geometry: 80 × 10 × 4 mm bar, as stated for dry and wet comparison samples.
Test method: Product-page comparison does not identify a mechanical test standard.
Test rate: Not reported
Test temperature: Not reported
Specimen conditioning: Supplier wet label; exposure medium, temperature, duration, humidity and measured specimen moisture unreported.
Printer: Not reported
Post-processing: Not reported
Sample count: Not reported
Meaning of ±: Not reported
Source locator: Parameters Comparison, PPA-CF column, wet XY bending rows; testing-sample note immediately below.
Layer height: Not reported
Infill: 100%; concentric
Perimeters: Not reported
Nozzle temperature: Not reported
Bed temperature: Not reported
Chamber temperature: Not reported
Slicer: Not reported
Infill print speed: Not reported
Top bottom solid layers: Not reported
Specimen cooling: Not reported
Extrusion multiplier: Not reported
Exposure method: Not reported
Duration: Not reported
Humidity: Not reported
Annealing: Not reported
Specimen settings scope: Only dimensions and concentric full fill are assigned by the product-page comparison. Do not import the TDS preparation settings into an unidentified wet group.
Uptake condition is separate: The 25 °C / 55% RH environment belongs to the absorption row; the mechanical wet group is not explicitly linked to it.
Strength endpoint: Flexural strength; strain limit, maximum-versus-break selection and test method not supplied.
Applied stress: Not reported

Keep a reproducible moisture history

Engineering interpretation. Use the candidate part and witness specimens to connect processing with service. Set the acceptance criteria before testing; the relevant endpoint may be fit, deflection, permanent set or retained attachment force. ASTM International [details]

Engineering interpretation. Record grade and lot, filament drying, printer settings, orientation and annealing. Measure reference mass and critical dimensions after the defined initial state. Polymaker [details]
Engineering interpretation. Expose specimens and parts to the intended temperature and humidity or water route. Record mass and dimensions over time, using a stated stability criterion if equilibrium is required. Preserve the transfer and test environment. Polymaker [details] · Polymaker [details]
Engineering interpretation. Repeat the same mechanical check in the relevant direction after exposure, and test the assembled part under its representative load and hold time. Record failures as well as passing dimensions. Stratasys [details] · Fischbach and Weinberg [details]

Sources and evidence records

These records distinguish supplier tests, independent experiments and engineering interpretation. “Not reported” identifies a source gap; it is not an assumed test condition.

ASTM D638-22 — Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
ASTM International · Test method scope · document date: 2022-07-21 · version: D638-22 · accessed 2026-10-18
ASTM International
Public scope and significance/use statements, not a reproduction of the full standard. This source does not establish that a supplier used D638 or complied with any particular procedure.
Effect of physical aging on the flexural creep in 3D printed thermoplastic
Fischbach and Weinberg · Independent experiment · document date: 2023-08-16 · version: arXiv:2302.11240v2 · accessed 2026-10-18
Marcel Fischbach, Kerstin Weinberg
Author manuscript, printed BASF Ultrafuse PLA; 100% infill, 0.2 mm layers, 215 °C nozzle, 30 °C bed; ISO 899-2 bending creep. The long-duration test uses one specimen under a 10 N nominal force for 170 h near 20 °C. No family-wide lifetime or reduction factor is inferred. The long-duration specimen had an initial age of five hours; the authors report laboratory relative humidity of 30–50%.
Design Considerations: FDM Additive Manufacturing Tooling
Stratasys · Manufacturer guidance · document date: Not reported · version: PDF footer identifier DG_FDM_DesignConsiderationsFDMTooling_0618a · accessed 2026-10-18
Stratasys
Industrial Stratasys FDM tooling guidance. It supplies design context, not qualification of the Prusament grades or a desktop printer. A precise publication date is not stated in the document metadata used here.
Fiberon PA6-CF20 technical data sheet
Polymaker · Manufacturer test · document date: Not reported · version: 1.1 · accessed 2026-10-18
Polymaker
FFF specimens; separate dry and water-conditioned mechanical tables, both after annealing. Values and test identifiers below come from the mechanical tables, not the marketing chart or website. Test date, machine, slicer, layer height, raster, loading rate, test temperature, specimen count, dry-state water content and statistical meaning of ± are unspecified. The drawings do not explain how the Z coupons were fabricated.
Fiberon PA12-CF10 technical data sheet
Polymaker · Manufacturer test · document date: Not reported · version: 1.1 · accessed 2026-10-18
Polymaker
FFF specimens; separate dry and water-conditioned mechanical tables, both after annealing. Values and test identifiers below come from the mechanical tables, not the marketing chart or website. Test date, machine, slicer, layer height, raster, loading rate, test temperature, specimen count, dry-state water content and statistical meaning of ± are unspecified. The drawings do not explain how the Z coupons were fabricated.
Fiberon PA12-CF10 manufacturer store page
Polymaker · Manufacturer guidance · document date: Not reported · version: Not reported · accessed 2026-10-18
Polymaker
Used only for product identity, stated fiber fraction and the supplier description of XY/Z directions. Numerical website fields contain unit and conditioning inconsistencies relative to the linked TDS and are not used as measurements.
PolyMide CoPA Technical Data Sheet V5.4
Polymaker · Manufacturer test · document date: Not reported · version: V5.4 · accessed 2026-10-18
Polymaker
Manufacturer FFF coupon results for the PA6/66 copolymer. Mechanical dry/wet protocols and an independent humid-air uptake curve are reported. The physical curve is not the mechanical wet-state exposure. No printed publication date. The manufacturer wiki still links this revision on the access date.
Moisture Conditioning
Polymaker · Manufacturer test · document date: Not reported · version: Not reported · accessed 2026-10-18
Polymaker
Manufacturer guidance plus illustrative dimensional observations on annealed, fully filled cubes. The cube exposure, replicate count and meaning of the table maxima are not supplied; these illustrations cannot provide production compensation factors.
Bambu Filament PPA-CF Technical Data Sheet V1.0
Bambu Lab · Manufacturer test · document date: Not reported · version: V1.0 · accessed 2026-10-18
Bambu Lab
Manufacturer identifies semi-aromatic nylon/carbon fiber, gives humidity-specific uptake, and reports unannealed X1C printed specimens. It does not identify a wet mechanical group. Publication date and carbon-fiber fraction are absent.
Bambu PPA-CF product page: Parameters Comparison
Bambu Lab · Manufacturer test · document date: Not reported · version: Not reported · accessed 2026-10-18
Bambu Lab
Manufacturer source page with dry/wet XY flexural results for exact Bambu PPA-CF. The comparison supplies bar dimensions and infill but omits the wet exposure route and the test method. Its separate humidity-uptake row must not be assigned as the wet mechanical protocol.
Siraya Tech Fibreheart PPA Filament
Siraya Tech · Manufacturer test · document date: Not reported · version: Not reported · accessed 2026-10-18
Siraya Tech
Manufacturer explicitly describes pure polyphthalamide filament. Dry/saturated XY property claims lack a specimen test protocol. Some product-page values differ from the current HTML TDS; no matched comparison is extracted.
Siraya Tech Fibreheart PPA TDS
Siraya Tech · Manufacturer test · document date: Not reported · version: Not reported · accessed 2026-10-18
Siraya Tech
HTML technical sheet gives tensile break stress under ASTM D638 and an ISO 62 absorption percentage, but no absorption exposure, mechanical conditioning, specimen orientation, preparation or sample count. Dry/wet HDT entries do not establish retained room-temperature stiffness. Annealing guidance is internally inconsistent.

Read individual measurement and claim records

polymide copa dry xy tensile modulus: Supplier Young modulus in the X-Y tensile table.: 2703 ± 259 MPa. The dry X-Y coupon group reports this tensile modulus. The ± term is reproduced without assigning a statistical meaning.
PDF p. 4, dry mechanical table, X-Y Young modulus row; conditioning footnote below that block. Polymaker [details]
polymide copa dry xy tensile strength: Supplier tensile strength; endpoint not identified as yield, maximum stress or break.: 78 ± 0.7 MPa. The dry X-Y coupon group reports this strength with an undefined endpoint. The ± term is reproduced without assigning a statistical meaning.
PDF p. 4, dry mechanical table, X-Y tensile-strength row; conditioning footnote below that block. Polymaker [details]
polymide copa wet xy tensile modulus: Supplier Young modulus in the X-Y tensile table.: 724 ± 61 MPa. The wet X-Y coupon group reports this tensile modulus. The ± term is reproduced without assigning a statistical meaning.
PDF p. 4, wet mechanical table, X-Y Young modulus row; conditioning footnote below that block. Polymaker [details]
polymide copa wet xy tensile strength: Supplier tensile strength; endpoint not identified as yield, maximum stress or break.: 34.3 ± 2.5 MPa. The wet X-Y coupon group reports this strength with an undefined endpoint. The ± term is reproduced without assigning a statistical meaning.
PDF p. 4, wet mechanical table, X-Y tensile-strength row; conditioning footnote below that block. Polymaker [details]
bambu ppa cf dry xy flexural page modulus: Source bending modulus in XY; mechanical method unreported in this comparison.: 9860 MPa. The manufacturer page gives this dry flexural value. It supplies no uncertainty or protocol tying the wet state to a particular exposure.
Parameters Comparison, PPA-CF column, dry XY bending modulus row. Bambu Lab [details]
bambu ppa cf dry xy flexural page strength: Source bending strength in XY; stress selection criterion and mechanical method unreported.: 208 MPa. The manufacturer page gives this dry flexural value. It supplies no uncertainty or protocol tying the wet state to a particular exposure.
Parameters Comparison, PPA-CF column, dry XY bending strength row. Bambu Lab [details]
bambu ppa cf wet xy flexural page modulus: Source bending modulus in XY; mechanical method unreported in this comparison.: 9620 MPa. The manufacturer page gives this wet flexural value. It supplies no uncertainty or protocol tying the wet state to a particular exposure.
Parameters Comparison, PPA-CF column, wet XY bending modulus row. Bambu Lab [details]
bambu ppa cf wet xy flexural page strength: Source bending strength in XY; stress selection criterion and mechanical method unreported.: 202 MPa. The manufacturer page gives this wet flexural value. It supplies no uncertainty or protocol tying the wet state to a particular exposure.
Parameters Comparison, PPA-CF column, wet XY bending strength row. Bambu Lab [details]
fiberon pa6 cf dry xy tensile modulus: Tensile Young modulus, distinct from the separate bending-modulus rows.: 8636.5 ± 211.4 MPa. Supplier-reported coupon result; the plus/minus term is reproduced without assigning it a statistical definition.
PDF p. 1, dry mechanical-results block, XY entry of first property pair (modulus). Polymaker [details]
fiberon pa6 cf dry xy tensile strength: Supplier tensile-strength label; the sheet does not identify this endpoint as yield, ultimate maximum stress or stress at rupture. It must not be substituted for a yield criterion.: 109.3 ± 2.4 MPa. Supplier-reported coupon result; the plus/minus term is reproduced without assigning it a statistical definition.
PDF p. 1, dry mechanical-results block, XY entry of second property pair (strength). Polymaker [details]
fiberon pa6 cf wet xy tensile modulus: Tensile Young modulus, distinct from the separate bending-modulus rows.: 2508.1 ± 82.6 MPa. Supplier-reported coupon result; the plus/minus term is reproduced without assigning it a statistical definition.
PDF p. 1, wet mechanical-results block, XY entry of first property pair (modulus). Polymaker [details]
fiberon pa6 cf wet xy tensile strength: Supplier tensile-strength label; the sheet does not identify this endpoint as yield, ultimate maximum stress or stress at rupture. It must not be substituted for a yield criterion.: 54.7 ± 1.1 MPa. Supplier-reported coupon result; the plus/minus term is reproduced without assigning it a statistical definition.
PDF p. 1, wet mechanical-results block, XY entry of second property pair (strength). Polymaker [details]
fiberon pa12 cf dry xy tensile modulus: Tensile Young modulus, distinct from the separate bending-modulus rows.: 3311.2 ± 134.9 MPa. Supplier-reported coupon result; the plus/minus term is reproduced without assigning it a statistical definition.
PDF p. 1, dry mechanical-results block, XY entry of first property pair (modulus). Polymaker [details]
fiberon pa12 cf dry xy tensile strength: Supplier tensile-strength label; the sheet does not identify this endpoint as yield, ultimate maximum stress or stress at rupture. It must not be substituted for a yield criterion.: 77.4 ± 1.1 MPa. Supplier-reported coupon result; the plus/minus term is reproduced without assigning it a statistical definition.
PDF p. 1, dry mechanical-results block, XY entry of second property pair (strength). Polymaker [details]
fiberon pa12 cf wet xy tensile modulus: Tensile Young modulus, distinct from the separate bending-modulus rows.: 3131.7 ± 124.2 MPa. Supplier-reported coupon result; the plus/minus term is reproduced without assigning it a statistical definition.
PDF p. 1, wet mechanical-results block, XY entry of first property pair (modulus). Polymaker [details]
fiberon pa12 cf wet xy tensile strength: Supplier tensile-strength label; the sheet does not identify this endpoint as yield, ultimate maximum stress or stress at rupture. It must not be substituted for a yield criterion.: 71.7 ± 0.7 MPa. Supplier-reported coupon result; the plus/minus term is reproduced without assigning it a statistical definition.
PDF p. 1, wet mechanical-results block, XY entry of second property pair (strength). Polymaker [details]
nylon copa protocol: CoPA is a PA6/66 copolymer with no fiber reinforcement declared. Mechanical coupons were annealed at 80 °C for 6 h. The dry group had a further 48 h drying step with temperature unspecified. The wet group was immersed in 60 °C water for 48 h and averaged 6.16% moisture. No replicate count or interpretation of ± is supplied.
PDF pp. 2, 4 and 6: formulation; dry/wet mechanical-table footnotes; specimen drawing and preparation settings. Polymaker [details]
nylon copa uptake scope: The separate absorption graph is labelled 23 °C and 70% RH and gives equilibrium uptake as 2.82%. Specimen size, process, initial conditioning, sample count, equilibrium criterion and mass-calculation method are not reported for this curve. This is not the immersed mechanical group.
PDF p. 2, moisture-absorption graph: condition above graph and equilibrium annotation below curve. Polymaker [details]
nylon processing versus service: The supplier distinguishes dry filament during extrusion from moisture acquired by a finished part. It places annealing before moisture conditioning and explains that reheating can dry the part again. Suggested conditioning durations are guidance, without a grade-and-geometry-specific equilibrium criterion.
Opening guidance; How to Moisture Condition, especially the annealing discussion. Polymaker [details]
nylon dimensional example scope: Illustrations compare annealed cubes with a later moisture-conditioned state. Axis values are presented as maxima, not replicate means, and the exposure and measurement protocol are absent. The supplier says dimensional response depends on geometry, size and fill. Neither the individual observations nor the table total is a universal compensation factor.
Affects on dimensional accuracy; 40 mm cube / 100% infill description and the before/after image tables: Screenshot_2024-12-26_140227_1024x1024.png and Screenshot_2024-12-26_140314_1024x1024.png on cdn.shopify.com. Polymaker [details]
nylon bambu ppa scope: The named PPA-CF is described as semi-aromatic nylon with carbon fiber; fiber content is not given. Its uptake is 1.30% at 25 °C and 55% RH, with duration, absorption method and specimen preparation unspecified. The printed mechanical specimens were unannealed, but the TDS does not label a wet mechanical group or link that uptake condition to mechanical values.
PDF p. 3, composition and specimen printing note; p. 2, water-absorption row. Bambu Lab [details]
nylon bambu wet protocol gap: The page reports dry/wet flexural results for Bambu PPA-CF using fully filled concentric 80 × 10 × 4 mm bars. It does not provide the wet exposure, annealing route, mechanical test method, test temperature, rate or replicate count. The separate absorption-row environment cannot be assumed to define the wet flexural group.
Parameters Comparison: dry/wet XY bending rows, separate absorption row, and testing-sample note immediately below. Bambu Lab [details]
nylon siraya unfilled identity: Fibreheart PPA is explicitly marketed as pure polyphthalamide, so this is an unfilled PPA candidate rather than an inferred identity from a PAHT label. Its dry/saturated property list omits exposure and specimen preparation, and its annealing advice conflicts within the page. No conditioned design value follows from the marketing list.
Description opening paragraph; Key Material Properties; Printing Considerations. Siraya Tech [details]
nylon siraya protocol gap: The technical sheet distinguishes tensile stress at break under ASTM D638, but supplies no specimen orientation or conditioning for that tensile entry. ISO 62 is attached to absorption without the selected procedure or duration. Dry/wet HDT values have no reported conditioning route. It both proposes annealing and advises against it elsewhere.
Property Data; Preparing for Printing; Moisture Management. Siraya Tech [details]
composite pa6 protocol: Both mechanical groups were annealed at 100 °C for 16 h. The wet group subsequently underwent 48 h immersion in 60 °C water. Filament drying is a separate recommendation; actual dry-group residual moisture and test temperature are not specified.
PDF p. 1, dry/wet mechanical-table footnotes, specimen-printing settings and note above them. Polymaker [details]
composite pa12 protocol: Both mechanical groups were annealed at 100 °C for 16 h. The wet group subsequently underwent 48 h immersion in 60 °C water. Filament drying is a separate recommendation; actual dry-group residual moisture and test temperature are not specified.
PDF p. 1, dry/wet mechanical-table footnotes, specimen-printing settings and note above them. Polymaker [details]
composite pa12 formulation: The manufacturer markets the material as a PA12-based long-chain copolyamide containing 10% carbon fiber. The TDS has inconsistent matrix terminology; no exact comonomer recipe is established.
Product description under Professional-Grade Mechanical Strength and Dimensional Stability. Polymaker [details]
direction and load path: The guide connects FDM orientation to directional strength and recommends a short, direct load path. Its process-specific statements are not universal Z-strength data.
§§2.3.1–2.3.2, printed pp. 7–8. Stratasys [details]
tensile test scope: Tensile properties depend on specimen preparation, rate and environment; modulus characterizes the initial response. Testing over different load durations and environments is needed for engineering use. ASTM D638 and ISO 527-1 have differing technical content.
Public Significance and Use §§4.1, 4.3–4.5 and Note 5; Scope §1.1 and Note 1. ASTM International [details]
creep below tg: One printed Ultrafuse PLA specimen continued to creep under the long room-temperature bending hold below its glass transition. This evidence calls for a sustained-load check but does not supply a general lifetime prediction.
§3.1/Table 1 (material and process), §3.3 (test protocol), §4.2/Figure 11 and §5 (long-duration observations). Fischbach and Weinberg [details]